It is possible this may require shortening the standard time on which much of our technological systems are based. “The Earth is spinning faster now than at any time in the last 50 years. It’s quite possible that a negative leap second will be needed if the Earth’s rotation rate increases further, but it’s too early to say if this is likely to happen,” Peter Whibberley of the National Physical Laboratory said.
Does anyone have the time?
Atomic clocks make it possible to measure the length of a day with unprecedented accuracy. Since their development in the 1960’s, researchers have understood that the rotational rate of the Earth changes over time. Due to these variations, leap seconds have been added 28 times over the last 48 years. However, or the first time ever, scientists are now talking about the possible need for a negative leap second — officially removing a second this year, making up for the increased rotational speed of Earth. So why is the Earth is spinning faster than normal? Official measurements of time derive from comparing the time from a network of 400 hundred atomic clocks, to the position of stars in the sky. (Interestingly, stars produce a different measurement of the length of a day, known as sidereal time. But, astronomers convert as needed). Atomic clocks reveal that the time it takes for Earth to rotate through a complete day changes regularly, driven by atmospheric and oceanic currents, movements in the molten core of our planet, and even changes in atmospheric pressure. Due to these effects, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) — the standard by which all clocks are set — needs to occasionally be updated. In 2016, an extra leap second was added to the UTC time to make up for this difference. Since 1972, leap seconds have been added 28 times, usually at the end of June or December. “Before UTC was introduced as the world time standard in 1972, GMT was a solar time standard that also acted as a reference point to determine local times worldwide. Today, GMT is a common time zone deriving its local time from UTC,” Konstantin Bikos explains for TimeandDate.com.
Strangely, 2020 didn’t seem to go by quickly at all…
However (believe it or not), 2020 was actually the shortest year on record. Each day was roughly 1/20th of a millisecond shorter than normal. That difference, accumulated over the course of 2021, would result in clocks drifting roughly 1/50 of a second off of the rotational period of Earth. “…[A]n average day in 2021 will be 0.05 ms shorter than 86,400 seconds. Over the course of the entire year, atomic clocks will have accumulated a lag of about 19 ms… In fact, the year 2021 is predicted to be the shortest in decades. The last time that an average day was less than 86,400 seconds across a full year was in 1937,” Graham Jones and Konstantin Bikos report for TimeandDate.com. [Read: Meet the 4 scale-ups using data to save the planet] And, if the Earth is spinning faster than previous years, even this seemingly small error can play havoc with electronic systems, including GPS, critical to cars, airplanes, and satellites. Normally, it takes Earth 86,400 seconds to complete one rotation around its axis — referred to as a mean solar day. (There are other ways of measuring a day, but the principle of time drifting remains the same). July 5, 2020 ended 1.0516 milliseconds faster than the standard day. Two weeks later, July 14 was the shortest day of the day, lasting 1.4602 milliseconds less than normal. “Before this year began, the shortest day since 1973 was July 5, 2005, when the Earth’s rotation took 1.0516 milliseconds less than 86,400 seconds,” explains Graham Jones of TimeandDate.com. Incidentally, the longest day of 2020 was April 8, which lasted 1.61 milliseconds longer than a standard day.
When do we go from here?
Atomic clocks measure the length of a second based on the time it takes for atoms of cesium-133 to oscillate between a pair of energy levels (which happens 9,192,631,770 times a second when atoms are held at a temperature of absolute zero). “Atomic clocks are designed to detect this frequency, most of them today using atomic fountains; a cloud of atoms that is tossed upwards by lasers in the Earth’s gravitational field. If one could see an atomic fountain, it would resemble a water fountain,” Bikos and Anne Buckle explain. Next-generation clocks could use light to measure atomic fluctuations, making timekeeping 50,000 times more accurate than today’s most advanced instruments. Options to correct for the recent hasty rotation of our home world currently being considered by The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) in Paris, France includes subtracting a second from 2021, or possibly putting aside leap seconds altogether until the time difference adds up to an hour. In that case, astronomers would need to constantly adjust their observations to correct for an increasingly inaccurate standard time. Then, everyone would lose an hour of time, in much the same way as springing ahead during daylight savings time. Astronomy News with The Cosmic Companion is also available as a weekly podcast, carried on all major podcast providers. Tune in every Tuesday for updates on the latest astronomy news, and interviews with astronomers and other researchers working to uncover the nature of the Universe.
